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<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Everyday Git With 20 Commands Or So</h1>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#Individual Developer (Standalone)">[Individual Developer (Standalone)]</a> commands are essential for
anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in
the <a href="#Individual Developer (Participant)">[Individual Developer (Participant)]</a> section as well.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>People who play the <a href="#Integrator">[Integrator]</a> role need to learn some more
commands in addition to the above.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#Repository Administration">[Repository Administration]</a> commands are for system
administrators who are responsible for the care and feeding
of Git repositories.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_individual_developer_standalone_a_id_individual_developer_standalone_a">Individual Developer (Standalone)<a id="Individual Developer (Standalone)"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
other people, and works alone in a single repository, using the
following commands.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-init.html">git-init(1)</a> to create a new repository.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a> to see where you are.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a> to see what happened.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a> and <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> to switch
branches.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to manage the index file.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a> and <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> to see what
you are in the middle of doing.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> to advance the current branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-reset.html">git-reset(1)</a> and <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a> (with
pathname parameters) to undo changes.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a> to merge between local branches.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> to maintain topic branches.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-tag.html">git-tag(1)</a> to mark known point.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Use a tarball as a starting point for a new repository.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
$ cd frotz
$ git init
$ git add . <b><1></b>
$ git commit -m "import of frotz source tree."
$ git tag v2.43 <b><2></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
add everything under the current directory.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
make a lightweight, unannotated tag.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Create a topic branch and develop.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <b><1></b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <b><2></b>
$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <b><3></b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff HEAD <b><4></b>
$ git commit -a -s <b><5></b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <b><6></b>
$ edit/compile/test
$ git diff ORIG_HEAD <b><7></b>
$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <b><8></b>
$ git checkout master <b><9></b>
$ git merge alsa-audio <b><10></b>
$ git log --since='3 days ago' <b><11></b>
$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <b><12></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
create a new topic branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
revert your botched changes in <code>curses/ux_audio_oss.c</code>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
you need to tell Git if you added a new file; removal and
modification will be caught if you do <code>git commit -a</code> later.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
to see what changes you are committing.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message
you originally wrote.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
switch to the master branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
merge a topic branch into your master branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be
combined and include <code>--max-count=10</code> (show 10 commits),
<code>--until=2005-12-10</code>, etc.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
view only the changes that touch what’s in <code>curses/</code>
directory, since <code>v2.43</code> tag.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_individual_developer_participant_a_id_individual_developer_participant_a">Individual Developer (Participant)<a id="Individual Developer (Participant)"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-clone.html">git-clone(1)</a> from the upstream to prime your local
repository.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> and <a href="git-fetch.html">git-fetch(1)</a> from "origin"
to keep up-to-date with the upstream.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to shared repository, if you adopt CVS
style shared repository workflow.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare e-mail submission, if
you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_2">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Clone the upstream and work on it. Feed changes to upstream.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
$ cd my2.6
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <b><1></b>
$ git format-patch origin <b><2></b>
$ git pull <b><3></b>
$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <b><4></b>
$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <b><5></b>
$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <b><6></b>
$ git gc <b><7></b>
$ git fetch --tags <b><8></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
repeat as needed.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<code>git pull</code> fetches from <code>origin</code> by default and merges into the
current branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream
since last time we checked, only in the
area we are interested in.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
revert the pull.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
from time to time, obtain official tags from the <code>origin</code>
and store them under <code>.git/refs/tags/</code>.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Push into another repository.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz frotz <b><1></b>
satellite$ cd frotz
satellite$ git config --get-regexp '^(remote|branch)\.' <b><2></b>
remote.origin.url mothership:frotz
remote.origin.fetch refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote origin
branch.master.merge refs/heads/master
satellite$ git config remote.origin.push \
master:refs/remotes/satellite/master <b><3></b>
satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
satellite$ git push origin <b><4></b>
mothership$ cd frotz
mothership$ git checkout master
mothership$ git merge satellite/master <b><5></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home
directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite
machine.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
clone sets these configuration variables by default.
It arranges <code>git pull</code> to fetch and store the branches of mothership
machine to local <code>remotes/origin/*</code> remote-tracking branches.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
arrange <code>git push</code> to push local <code>master</code> branch to
<code>remotes/satellite/master</code> branch of the mothership machine.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
push will stash our work away on <code>remotes/satellite/master</code>
remote-tracking branch on the mothership machine. You could use this
as a back-up method.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite
machine into the master branch.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Branch off of a specific tag.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <b><1></b>
$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
$ git checkout master
$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 |
git am -3 -k <b><2></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)
tag.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
forward port all changes in <code>private2.6.14</code> branch to <code>master</code> branch
without a formal "merging".
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_integrator_a_id_integrator_a">Integrator<a id="Integrator"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-am.html">git-am(1)</a> to apply patches e-mailed in from your
contributors.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-pull.html">git-pull(1)</a> to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> to prepare and send suggested
alternative to contributors.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-revert.html">git-revert(1)</a> to undo botched commits.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-push.html">git-push(1)</a> to publish the bleeding edge.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_3">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
My typical Git day.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git status <b><1></b>
$ git show-branch <b><2></b>
$ mailx <b><3></b>
& s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
& s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
& q
$ git checkout -b topic/one master
$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply <b><4></b>
$ compile/test
$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus <b><5></b>
$ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <b><6></b>
$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard next <b><7></b>
$ git merge topic/one topic/two && git merge hold/linus <b><8></b>
$ git checkout maint
$ git cherry-pick master~4 <b><9></b>
$ compile/test
$ git tag -s -m "GIT 0.99.9x" v0.99.9x <b><10></b>
$ git fetch ko && git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' <b><11></b>
$ git push ko <b><12></b>
$ git push ko v0.99.9x <b><13></b></code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
see what topic branches I have and think about how ready
they are.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others
that are not quite ready.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my
sign-offs.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the
master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
restart <code>pu</code> every time from the next.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
and bundle topic branches still cooking.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
backport a critical fix.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
create a signed tag.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what I
already pushed out. <code>ko</code> shorthand points at the repository I have
at kernel.org, and looks like this:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ cat .git/remotes/ko
URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master
Pull: next:refs/tags/ko-next
Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint
Push: master
Push: next
Push: +pu
Push: maint</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In the output from <code>git show-branch</code>, <code>master</code> should have
everything <code>ko-master</code> has, and <code>next</code> should have
everything <code>ko-next</code> has.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
push out the bleeding edge.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
push the tag out, too.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_repository_administration_a_id_repository_administration_a">Repository Administration<a id="Repository Administration"></a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up
and maintain access to the repository by developers.</p></div>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-daemon.html">git-daemon(1)</a> to allow anonymous download from
repository.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
<a href="git-shell.html">git-shell(1)</a> can be used as a <em>restricted login shell</em>
for shared central repository users.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><a href="howto/update-hook-example.txt">update hook howto</a> has a good
example of managing a shared central repository.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_examples_4">Examples</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
We assume the following in /etc/services
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ grep 9418 /etc/services
git 9418/tcp # Git Version Control System</code></pre>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ grep git /etc/inetd.conf
git stream tcp nowait nobody \
/usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --export-all /pub/scm</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The actual configuration line should be on one line.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from xinetd.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ cat /etc/xinetd.d/git-daemon
# default: off
# description: The Git server offers access to Git repositories
service git
{
disable = no
type = UNLISTED
port = 9418
socket_type = stream
wait = no
user = nobody
server = /usr/bin/git-daemon
server_args = --inetd --export-all --base-path=/pub/scm
log_on_failure += USERID
}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Check your xinetd(8) documentation and setup, this is from a Fedora system.
Others might be different.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
Give push/pull only access to developers.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ grep git /etc/passwd <b><1></b>
alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
$ grep git /etc/shells <b><2></b>
/usr/bin/git-shell</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not
allow anything but <code>git push</code> and <code>git pull</code>. The users should
get an ssh access to the machine.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used
as the login shell.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
CVS-style shared repository.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ grep git /etc/group <b><1></b>
git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
$ cd /home/devo.git
$ ls -l <b><2></b>
lrwxrwxrwx 1 david git 17 Dec 4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master
drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 branches
-rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 84 Dec 4 22:40 config
-rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 58 Dec 4 22:40 description
drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 hooks
-rw-rw-r-- 1 david git 37504 Dec 4 22:40 index
drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 info
drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 objects
drwxrwsr-x 4 david git 4096 Nov 7 14:58 refs
drwxrwsr-x 2 david git 4096 Dec 4 22:40 remotes
$ ls -l hooks/update <b><3></b>
-r-xr-xr-x 1 david git 3536 Dec 4 22:40 update
$ cat info/allowed-users <b><4></b>
refs/heads/master alice\|cindy
refs/heads/doc-update bob
refs/tags/v[0-9]* david</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
place the developers into the same git group.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
and make the shared repository writable by the group.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/
for branch policy control.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update.
david is the release manager and is the only person who can
create and push version tags.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
HTTP server to support dumb protocol transfer.
</dt>
<dd>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>dev$ git update-server-info <b><1></b>
dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com <b><2></b>
ftp> cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="colist arabic"><ol>
<li>
<p>
make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP.
</p>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2013-06-10 20:01:55 UTC
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