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The manipulation is collectively called "diffcore transformation". This short note describes what they are and how to use them to produce <em>diff</em> output that is easier to understand than the conventional kind.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_the_chain_of_operation">The chain of operation</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>git diff-*</em> family works by first comparing two sets of files:</p></div> <div class="ulist"><ul> <li> <p> <em>git diff-index</em> compares contents of a "tree" object and the working directory (when <em>--cached</em> flag is not used) or a "tree" object and the index file (when <em>--cached</em> flag is used); </p> </li> <li> <p> <em>git diff-files</em> compares contents of the index file and the working directory; </p> </li> <li> <p> <em>git diff-tree</em> compares contents of two "tree" objects; </p> </li> </ul></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>In all of these cases, the commands themselves first optionally limit the two sets of files by any pathspecs given on their command-lines, and compare corresponding paths in the two resulting sets of files.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>The pathspecs are used to limit the world diff operates in. They remove the filepairs outside the specified sets of pathnames. E.g. If the input set of filepairs included:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M junkfile</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>but the command invocation was <code>git diff-files myfile</code>, then the junkfile entry would be removed from the list because only "myfile" is under consideration.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>The result of comparison is passed from these commands to what is internally called "diffcore", in a format similar to what is output when the -p option is not used. E.g.</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>in-place edit :100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0 create :000000 100644 0000000... 1234567... A file4 delete :100644 000000 1234567... 0000000... D file5 unmerged :000000 000000 0000000... 0000000... U file6</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>The diffcore mechanism is fed a list of such comparison results (each of which is called "filepair", although at this point each of them talks about a single file), and transforms such a list into another list. There are currently 5 such transformations:</p></div> <div class="ulist"><ul> <li> <p> diffcore-break </p> </li> <li> <p> diffcore-rename </p> </li> <li> <p> diffcore-merge-broken </p> </li> <li> <p> diffcore-pickaxe </p> </li> <li> <p> diffcore-order </p> </li> </ul></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>These are applied in sequence. The set of filepairs <em>git diff-*</em> commands find are used as the input to diffcore-break, and the output from diffcore-break is used as the input to the next transformation. The final result is then passed to the output routine and generates either diff-raw format (see Output format sections of the manual for <em>git diff-*</em> commands) or diff-patch format.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_diffcore_break_for_splitting_up_complete_rewrites">diffcore-break: For Splitting Up "Complete Rewrites"</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>The second transformation in the chain is diffcore-break, and is controlled by the -B option to the <em>git diff-*</em> commands. This is used to detect a filepair that represents "complete rewrite" and break such filepair into two filepairs that represent delete and create. E.g. If the input contained this filepair:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 100644 bcd1234... 0123456... M file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>and if it detects that the file "file0" is completely rewritten, it changes it to:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 000000 bcd1234... 0000000... D file0 :000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>For the purpose of breaking a filepair, diffcore-break examines the extent of changes between the contents of the files before and after modification (i.e. the contents that have "bcd1234…" and "0123456…" as their SHA-1 content ID, in the above example). The amount of deletion of original contents and insertion of new material are added together, and if it exceeds the "break score", the filepair is broken into two. The break score defaults to 50% of the size of the smaller of the original and the result (i.e. if the edit shrinks the file, the size of the result is used; if the edit lengthens the file, the size of the original is used), and can be customized by giving a number after "-B" option (e.g. "-B75" to tell it to use 75%).</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_diffcore_rename_for_detection_renames_and_copies">diffcore-rename: For Detection Renames and Copies</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>This transformation is used to detect renames and copies, and is controlled by the -M option (to detect renames) and the -C option (to detect copies as well) to the <em>git diff-*</em> commands. If the input contained these filepairs:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 000000 0123456... 0000000... D fileX :000000 100644 0000000... 0123456... A file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>and the contents of the deleted file fileX is similar enough to the contents of the created file file0, then rename detection merges these filepairs and creates:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 100644 0123456... 0123456... R100 fileX file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>When the "-C" option is used, the original contents of modified files, and deleted files (and also unmodified files, if the "--find-copies-harder" option is used) are considered as candidates of the source files in rename/copy operation. If the input were like these filepairs, that talk about a modified file fileY and a newly created file file0:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY :000000 100644 0000000... bcd3456... A file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>the original contents of fileY and the resulting contents of file0 are compared, and if they are similar enough, they are changed to:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>:100644 100644 0123456... 1234567... M fileY :100644 100644 0123456... bcd3456... C100 fileY file0</code></pre> </div></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>In both rename and copy detection, the same "extent of changes" algorithm used in diffcore-break is used to determine if two files are "similar enough", and can be customized to use a similarity score different from the default of 50% by giving a number after the "-M" or "-C" option (e.g. "-M8" to tell it to use 8/10 = 80%).</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Note. When the "-C" option is used with <code>--find-copies-harder</code> option, <em>git diff-*</em> commands feed unmodified filepairs to diffcore mechanism as well as modified ones. This lets the copy detector consider unmodified files as copy source candidates at the expense of making it slower. Without <code>--find-copies-harder</code>, <em>git diff-*</em> commands can detect copies only if the file that was copied happened to have been modified in the same changeset.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_diffcore_merge_broken_for_putting_complete_rewrites_back_together">diffcore-merge-broken: For Putting "Complete Rewrites" Back Together</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>This transformation is used to merge filepairs broken by diffcore-break, and not transformed into rename/copy by diffcore-rename, back into a single modification. This always runs when diffcore-break is used.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>For the purpose of merging broken filepairs back, it uses a different "extent of changes" computation from the ones used by diffcore-break and diffcore-rename. It counts only the deletion from the original, and does not count insertion. If you removed only 10 lines from a 100-line document, even if you added 910 new lines to make a new 1000-line document, you did not do a complete rewrite. diffcore-break breaks such a case in order to help diffcore-rename to consider such filepairs as candidate of rename/copy detection, but if filepairs broken that way were not matched with other filepairs to create rename/copy, then this transformation merges them back into the original "modification".</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>The "extent of changes" parameter can be tweaked from the default 80% (that is, unless more than 80% of the original material is deleted, the broken pairs are merged back into a single modification) by giving a second number to -B option, like these:</p></div> <div class="ulist"><ul> <li> <p> -B50/60 (give 50% "break score" to diffcore-break, use 60% for diffcore-merge-broken). </p> </li> <li> <p> -B/60 (the same as above, since diffcore-break defaults to 50%). </p> </li> </ul></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that earlier implementation left a broken pair as a separate creation and deletion patches. This was an unnecessary hack and the latest implementation always merges all the broken pairs back into modifications, but the resulting patch output is formatted differently for easier review in case of such a complete rewrite by showing the entire contents of old version prefixed with <em>-</em>, followed by the entire contents of new version prefixed with <em>+</em>.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_diffcore_pickaxe_for_detecting_addition_deletion_of_specified_string">diffcore-pickaxe: For Detecting Addition/Deletion of Specified String</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>This transformation is used to find filepairs that represent changes that touch a specified string, and is controlled by the -S option and the <code>--pickaxe-all</code> option to the <em>git diff-*</em> commands.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>When diffcore-pickaxe is in use, it checks if there are filepairs whose "result" side and whose "origin" side have different number of specified string. Such a filepair represents "the string appeared in this changeset". It also checks for the opposite case that loses the specified string.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--pickaxe-all</code> is not in effect, diffcore-pickaxe leaves only such filepairs that touch the specified string in its output. When <code>--pickaxe-all</code> is used, diffcore-pickaxe leaves all filepairs intact if there is such a filepair, or makes the output empty otherwise. The latter behaviour is designed to make reviewing of the changes in the context of the whole changeset easier.</p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_diffcore_order_for_sorting_the_output_based_on_filenames">diffcore-order: For Sorting the Output Based on Filenames</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>This is used to reorder the filepairs according to the user’s (or project’s) taste, and is controlled by the -O option to the <em>git diff-*</em> commands.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>This takes a text file each of whose lines is a shell glob pattern. Filepairs that match a glob pattern on an earlier line in the file are output before ones that match a later line, and filepairs that do not match any glob pattern are output last.</p></div> <div class="paragraph"><p>As an example, a typical orderfile for the core Git probably would look like this:</p></div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre><code>README Makefile Documentation *.h *.c t</code></pre> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="git-diff.html">git-diff(1)</a>, <a href="git-diff-files.html">git-diff-files(1)</a>, <a href="git-diff-index.html">git-diff-index(1)</a>, <a href="git-diff-tree.html">git-diff-tree(1)</a>, <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a>, <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>, <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>, <a href="user-manual.html">The Git User’s Manual</a></p></div> </div> </div> <div class="sect1"> <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> <div class="sectionbody"> <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div> <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-text"> Last updated 2013-06-10 20:01:55 UTC </div> </div> </body> </html>