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NAME
Net::Daemon - Perl extension for portable daemons
SYNOPSIS
# Create a subclass of Net::Daemon
require Net::Daemon;
package MyDaemon;
@MyDaemon::ISA = qw(Net::Daemon);
sub Run ($) {
# This function does the real work; it is invoked whenever a
# new connection is made.
}
DESCRIPTION
Net::Daemon is an abstract base class for implementing portable server
applications in a very simple way. The module is designed for Perl 5.005
and threads, but can work with fork() and Perl 5.004.
The Net::Daemon class offers methods for the most common tasks a daemon
needs: Starting up, logging, accepting clients, authorization,
restricting its own environment for security and doing the true work.
You only have to override those methods that aren't appropriate for you,
but typically inheriting will safe you a lot of work anyways.
Constructors
$server = Net::Daemon->new($attr, $options);
$connection = $server->Clone($socket);
Two constructors are available: The new method is called upon startup
and creates an object that will basically act as an anchor over the
complete program. It supports command line parsing via "Getopt::Long
(3)".
Arguments of new are *$attr*, an hash ref of attributes (see below) and
*$options* an array ref of options, typically command line arguments
(for example \@ARGV) that will be passed to Getopt::Long::GetOptions.
The second constructor is Clone: It is called whenever a client
connects. It receives the main server object as input and returns a new
object. This new object will be passed to the methods that finally do
the true work of communicating with the client. Communication occurs
over the socket $socket, Clone's argument.
Possible object attributes and the corresponding command line arguments
are:
*catchint* (--nocatchint)
On some systems, in particular Solaris, the functions accept(),
read() and so on are not safe against interrupts by signals. For
example, if the user raises a USR1 signal (as typically used to
reread config files), then the function returns an error EINTR. If
the *catchint* option is on (by default it is, use --nocatchint to
turn this off), then the package will ignore EINTR errors whereever
possible.
*chroot* (--chroot=dir)
(UNIX only) After doing a bind(), change root directory to the given
directory by doing a chroot(). This is usefull for security
operations, but it restricts programming a lot. For example, you
typically have to load external Perl extensions before doing a
chroot(), or you need to create hard links to Unix sockets. This is
typically done in the config file, see the --configfile option. See
also the --group and --user options.
If you don't know chroot(), think of an FTP server where you can see
a certain directory tree only after logging in.
*clients*
An array ref with a list of clients. Clients are hash refs, the
attributes *accept* (0 for denying access and 1 for permitting) and
*mask*, a Perl regular expression for the clients IP number or its
host name. See "Access control" below.
*configfile* (--configfile=file)
Net::Daemon supports the use of config files. These files are
assumed to contain a single hash ref that overrides the arguments of
the new method. However, command line arguments in turn take
precedence over the config file. See the "Config File" section below
for details on the config file.
*debug* (--debug)
Turn debugging mode on. Mainly this asserts that logging messages of
level "debug" are created.
*facility* (--facility=mode)
(UNIX only) Facility to use for "Sys::Syslog (3)". The default is
daemon.
*group* (--group=gid)
After doing a bind(), change the real and effective GID to the
given. This is usefull, if you want your server to bind to a
privileged port (<1024), but don't want the server to execute as
root. See also the --user option.
GID's can be passed as group names or numeric values.
*localaddr* (--localaddr=ip)
By default a daemon is listening to any IP number that a machine
has. This attribute allows to restrict the server to the given IP
number.
*localpath* (--localpath=path)
If you want to restrict your server to local services only, you'll
prefer using Unix sockets, if available. In that case you can use
this option for setting the path of the Unix socket being created.
This option implies --proto=unix.
*localport* (--localport=port)
This attribute sets the port on which the daemon is listening. It
must be given somehow, as there's no default.
*logfile* (--logfile=file)
By default logging messages will be written to the syslog (Unix) or
to the event log (Windows NT). On other operating systems you need
to specify a log file. The special value "STDERR" forces logging to
stderr.
*loop-child* (--loop-child)
This option forces creation of a new child for loops. (See the
*loop-timeout* option.) By default the loops are serialized.
*loop-timeout* (--loop-timeout=secs)
Some servers need to take an action from time to time. For example
the Net::Daemon::Spooler attempts to empty its spooling queue every
5 minutes. If this option is set to a positive value (zero being the
default), then the server will call its Loop method every
"loop-timeout" seconds.
Don't trust too much on the precision of the interval: It depends on
a number of factors, in particular the execution time of the Loop()
method. The loop is implemented by using the *select* function. If
you need an exact interval, you should better try to use the alarm()
function and a signal handler. (And don't forget to look at the
*catchint* option!)
It is recommended to use the *loop-child* option in conjunction with
*loop-timeout*.
*mode* (--mode=modename)
The Net::Daemon server can run in three different modes, depending
on the environment.
If you are running Perl 5.005 and did compile it for threads, then
the server will create a new thread for each connection. The thread
will execute the server's Run() method and then terminate. This mode
is the default, you can force it with "--mode=ithreads" or
"--mode=threads".
If threads are not available, but you have a working fork(), then
the server will behave similar by creating a new process for each
connection. This mode will be used automatically in the absence of
threads or if you use the "--mode=fork" option.
Finally there's a single-connection mode: If the server has accepted
a connection, he will enter the Run() method. No other connections
are accepted until the Run() method returns. This operation mode is
useful if you have neither threads nor fork(), for example on the
Macintosh. For debugging purposes you can force this mode with
"--mode=single".
When running in mode single, you can still handle multiple clients
at a time by preforking multiple child processes. The number of
childs is configured with the option "--childs".
*childs*
Use this parameter to let Net::Daemon run in prefork mode, which
means it forks the number of childs processes you give with this
parameter, and all child handle connections concurrently. The
difference to fork mode is, that the child processes continue to run
after a connection has terminated and are able to accept a new
connection. This is useful for caching inside the childs process
(e.g. DBI::ProxyServer connect_cached attribute)
*options*
Array ref of Command line options that have been passed to the
server object via the new method.
*parent*
When creating an object with Clone the original object becomes the
parent of the new object. Objects created with new usually don't
have a parent, thus this attribute is not set.
*pidfile* (--pidfile=file)
(UNIX only) If this option is present, a PID file will be created at
the given location.
*proto* (--proto=proto)
The transport layer to use, by default *tcp* or *unix* for a Unix
socket. It is not yet possible to combine both.
*socket*
The socket that is connected to the client; passed as $client
argument to the Clone method. If the server object was created with
new, this attribute can be undef, as long as the Bind method isn't
called. Sockets are assumed to be IO::Socket objects.
*user* (--user=uid)
After doing a bind(), change the real and effective UID to the
given. This is usefull, if you want your server to bind to a
privileged port (<1024), but don't want the server to execute as
root. See also the --group and the --chroot options.
UID's can be passed as group names or numeric values.
*version* (--version)
Supresses startup of the server; instead the version string will be
printed and the program exits immediately.
Note that most of these attributes (facility, mode, localaddr,
localport, pidfile, version) are meaningfull only at startup. If you set
them later, they will be simply ignored. As almost all attributes have
appropriate defaults, you will typically use the localport attribute
only.
Command Line Parsing
my $optionsAvailable = Net::Daemon->Options();
print Net::Daemon->Version(), "\n";
Net::Daemon->Usage();
The Options method returns a hash ref of possible command line options.
The keys are option names, the values are again hash refs with the
following keys:
template
An option template that can be passed to Getopt::Long::GetOptions.
description
A description of this option, as used in Usage
The Usage method prints a list of all possible options and returns. It
uses the Version method for printing program name and version.
Config File
If the config file option is set in the command line options or in the
in the "new" args, then the method
$server->ReadConfigFile($file, $options, $args)
is invoked. By default the config file is expected to contain Perl
source that returns a hash ref of options. These options override the
"new" args and will in turn be overwritten by the command line options,
as present in the $options hash ref.
A typical config file might look as follows, we use the DBI::ProxyServer
as an example:
# Load external modules; this is not required unless you use
# the chroot() option.
#require DBD::mysql;
#require DBD::CSV;
{
# 'chroot' => '/var/dbiproxy',
'facility' => 'daemon',
'pidfile' => '/var/dbiproxy/dbiproxy.pid',
'user' => 'nobody',
'group' => 'nobody',
'localport' => '1003',
'mode' => 'fork'
# Access control
'clients' => [
# Accept the local
{
'mask' => '^192\.168\.1\.\d+$',
'accept' => 1
},
# Accept myhost.company.com
{
'mask' => '^myhost\.company\.com$',
'accept' => 1
}
# Deny everything else
{
'mask' => '.*',
'accept' => 0
}
]
}
Access control
The Net::Daemon package supports a host based access control scheme. By
default access is open for anyone. However, if you create an attribute
$self->{'clients'}, typically in the config file, then access control is
disabled by default. For any connection the client list is processed:
The clients attribute is an array ref to a list of hash refs. Any of the
hash refs may contain arbitrary attributes, including the following:
mask A Perl regular expression that has to match the clients IP
number or its host name. The list is processed from the left to
the right, whenever a 'mask' attribute matches, then the related
hash ref is choosen as client and processing the client list
stops.
accept This may be set to true or false (default when omitting the
attribute), the former means accepting the client.
Event logging
$server->Log($level, $format, @args);
$server->Debug($format, @args);
$server->Error($format, @args);
$server->Fatal($format, @args);
The Log method is an interface to "Sys::Syslog (3)" or "Win32::EventLog
(3)". It's arguments are *$level*, a syslog level like debug, notice or
err, a format string in the style of printf and the format strings
arguments.
The Debug and Error methods are shorthands for calling Log with a level
of debug and err, respectively. The Fatal method is like Error, except
it additionally throws the given message as exception.
See Net::Daemon::Log(3) for details.
Flow of control
$server->Bind();
# The following inside Bind():
if ($connection->Accept()) {
$connection->Run();
} else {
$connection->Log('err', 'Connection refused');
}
The Bind method is called by the application when the server should
start. Typically this can be done right after creating the server object
$server. Bind usually never returns, except in case of errors.
When a client connects, the server uses Clone to derive a connection
object $connection from the server object. A new thread or process is
created that uses the connection object to call your classes Accept
method. This method is intended for host authorization and should return
either FALSE (refuse the client) or TRUE (accept the client).
If the client is accepted, the Run method is called which does the true
work. The connection is closed when Run returns and the corresponding
thread or process exits.
Error Handling
All methods are supposed to throw Perl exceptions in case of errors.
MULTITHREADING CONSIDERATIONS
All methods are working with lexically scoped data and handle data only,
the exception being the OpenLog method which is invoked before threading
starts. Thus you are safe as long as you don't share handles between
threads. I strongly recommend that your application behaves similar.
(This doesn't apply to mode 'ithreads'.)
EXAMPLE
As an example we'll write a simple calculator server. After connecting
to this server you may type expressions, one per line. The server
evaluates the expressions and prints the result. (Note this is an
example, in real life we'd never implement such a security hole. :-)
For the purpose of example we add a command line option *--base* that
takes 'hex', 'oct' or 'dec' as values: The servers output will use the
given base.
# -*- perl -*-
#
# Calculator server
#
require 5.004;
use strict;
require Net::Daemon;
package Calculator;
use vars qw($VERSION @ISA);
$VERSION = '0.01';
@ISA = qw(Net::Daemon); # to inherit from Net::Daemon
sub Version ($) { 'Calculator Example Server, 0.01'; }
# Add a command line option "--base"
sub Options ($) {
my($self) = @_;
my($options) = $self->SUPER::Options();
$options->{'base'} = { 'template' => 'base=s',
'description' => '--base '
. 'dec (default), hex or oct'
};
$options;
}
# Treat command line option in the constructor
sub new ($$;$) {
my($class, $attr, $args) = @_;
my($self) = $class->SUPER::new($attr, $args);
if ($self->{'parent'}) {
# Called via Clone()
$self->{'base'} = $self->{'parent'}->{'base'};
} else {
# Initial call
if ($self->{'options'} && $self->{'options'}->{'base'}) {
$self->{'base'} = $self->{'options'}->{'base'}
}
}
if (!$self->{'base'}) {
$self->{'base'} = 'dec';
}
$self;
}
sub Run ($) {
my($self) = @_;
my($line, $sock);
$sock = $self->{'socket'};
while (1) {
if (!defined($line = $sock->getline())) {
if ($sock->error()) {
$self->Error("Client connection error %s",
$sock->error());
}
$sock->close();
return;
}
$line =~ s/\s+$//; # Remove CRLF
my($result) = eval $line;
my($rc);
if ($self->{'base'} eq 'hex') {
$rc = printf $sock ("%x\n", $result);
} elsif ($self->{'base'} eq 'oct') {
$rc = printf $sock ("%o\n", $result);
} else {
$rc = printf $sock ("%d\n", $result);
}
if (!$rc) {
$self->Error("Client connection error %s",
$sock->error());
$sock->close();
return;
}
}
}
package main;
my $server = Calculator->new({'pidfile' => 'none',
'localport' => 2000}, \@ARGV);
$server->Bind();
KNOWN PROBLEMS
Most, or even any, known problems are related to the Sys::Syslog module
which is by default used for logging events under Unix. I'll quote some
examples:
Usage: Sys::Syslog::_PATH_LOG at ...
This problem is treated in perl bug 20000712.003. A workaround is
changing line 277 of Syslog.pm to
my $syslog = &_PATH_LOG() || croak "_PATH_LOG not found in syslog.ph";
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
Net::Daemon is Copyright (C) 1998, Jochen Wiedmann
Am Eisteich 9
72555 Metzingen
Germany
Phone: +49 7123 14887
Email: joe@ispsoft.de
All rights reserved.
You may distribute this package under the terms of either the GNU
General Public License or the Artistic License, as specified in the
Perl README file.
SEE ALSO
RPC::pServer(3), Netserver::Generic(3), Net::Daemon::Log(3),
Net::Daemon::Test(3)